Creating a Language Archive of Insular South East Asia and West New Guinea

The geographical region of Insular South East Asia and New Guinea is well-known as an area of mega-biodiversity. Less well-known is the extreme linguistic diversity in this area: over a quarter of the world’s 6,000 languages are spoken here. As small minority languages, most of them will cease to be spoken in the coming few generations. The project described here ensures the preservation of unique records of languages and the cultures encapsu-lated by them in the region. The language resources were gathered by twenty linguists at, or in collaboration with, Dutch universities over the last 40 years, and were compiled and archived in collaboration with The Language Archive (TLA) at the Max Planck Institute in Nijmegen. The resulting archive constitutes a collection of multimedia materials and written documents from 48 languages in Insular South East Asia and West New Guinea. At TLA, the data was archived according to state-of-the-art standards (TLA holds the Data Seal of Approval): the component metadata infrastructure CMDI was used; all metadata categories as well as relevant units of annotation were linked to the ISO data category registry ISOcat. This guaranteed proper integration of the language resources into the CLARIN framework. Through the archive, future speaker communities and researchers will be able to extensively search the materials for answers to their own questions, even if they do not themselves know the language, and even if the language dies.

with a rich cultural and linguistic diversity across the area (Goren o et al., 2012). But both the biodiversity that supports the humans and all other species in the area and the traditional ethnolinguistic knowledge that helps sustain it are subject to a converging extinction crisis. We are rapidly losing the unique ways of life and the encapsulating languages of peoples in this part of the world.
Over the last 40 years, more than two dozen linguists at, or in collaboration with, Dutch universities collected multimedia materials and written documents from over 50 languages in Insular South East Asia and West New Guinea. However, as these unique records were not digitised and/or archived systematically, they were bound to get lost. The current CLARIN 'Resource Curation' project grew out of the recognition that these unique resources had to be preserved for the future. The initial goal was to archive 52 language resources along with their basic metadata, and make them accessible online. The project ran for 16 months from February 2013 to July 2014 and involved various types of tasks: (i) Collaboration with the linguists who originally collected the resources (and who are not part of this project) to systematically compile their materials and the metadata; (ii) File conversion and digitization; (iii) CMDI pro le creation and metadata entry; (iv) Creating an inventory of annotations and the conventions and terminology used in them; (v) Mapping of these with terms in the ISOcat data category registry; (vi) Archiving mappings along with the data sets; (vii) Make the archive accessible online.
Materials that had not yet been digitised were digitised and archived alongside more recent digital collections in accordance with the highest standards and principles as established by The Language Archive at the Max Planck Institute in Nijmegen (Drude et al., 2012).
As a result of this project The Language Archive now contains language resources compiled by twenty linguists over the past 40 years on 48 languages spoken in Insular South East Asia and New Guinea, archived under the name of LAISEANG (Language Archive of Insular South East Asia and New Guinea), see Figure 10.1.
Through this structured digital archive, speaker communities and researchers -be they anthropologists, linguists, historians or researchers from other disciplines -will be able to extensively search the materials for answers to their own questions, even if they do not themselves know the language, and even if the language dies.

Research Question(s)
Research questions that may be (better) addressed using the data of this project include, but are not limited to, the following: • Questions relating to language structure, e.g. What is the structure of a conversation/narrative/paragraph/sentence/clause/word in language X? • Questions relating to language use, e.g. How do bride-price negotations, religious songs, historical narratives, speeches, etc. function in language X? • Questions relating to the history of languages and their speakers, e.g. Which lexical evidence supports the reconstruction of historical relations between Papuan languages of Timor-Alor-Pantar; or between the Austronesian languages of New Guinea? • Questions about the language of particular semantic domains, e.g. Which numeral systems are employed in group/language X? How does language X express location and motion in space? How does language X encode pronominal reference? What formatives does language X use to express physical sensations or emotional states/experiences? • Questions about intonation, prosody, and tone, e.g. What are the major intonation patterns in language X? How does prosody a ect realisation of tone in language X? • Questions relating to comparative folklore, e.g. What kind of omens are certain species of birds said to hold in ethnolinguistic group X? • Questions relating to speech registers and oral literature, e.g. What are the poetic devices and metaphors used in ritual language? How are songs composed, in terms of tunes and/or texts? • Questions from speaker communities, e.g. How do/did we produce traditional material cultural items such as houses, woven cloth or baskets? How do/did we grow and prepare certain traditional types of food? Which traditional place names are/were used in our region? What kind of mythology or ancestor stories do/did we have?

Research Data
Before the project started we contacted the original collectors of the linguistic data, and almost all emailed their consent for the data they collected to be included. We had to visit some collectors who currently work abroad to collect their data manually and to compile speci c details on the content and format of their resources and metadata sets.
As we had anticipated, many di erent annotation schemes had been used by the collectors. Most of the older materials had handwritten transcriptions and annotations on paper; these paper resources had to be converted to PDF and were archived as such. More recent language resources have o en been entered and annotated as Toolbox projects (as les linking texts and lexicon), and various types of linguistic categories were employed for the annotation across the di erent Toolboxed resources. Where this was possible we mapped these linguistic categories to ISOcat categories; these mappings were added to the archive as separate resources.

Technology
Many of the resources we archived were already available in digital form. However, conversions had to take place in some cases, such that all resources conformed to standards accepted by The Language Archive as suitable for long-term preservation.
The older non-digital recordings we digitised as WAV les included (i) reel-to-reel, (ii) audio cassette tape, and (iii) video cassette tape recordings. A number of cassette tapes that had previously been digitised as MP3 by the original collector had to be digitised again as WAV. Non-digital paper materials, which constitute valuable or unique documents, were scanned into PDF format and also deposited.
The metadata descriptions of the language resources we archived were in a number of di erent formats: some were available in spreadsheets, some in Word documents, some on paper -and some only in the collector's mind.
For the component metadata infrastructure, we evaluated the existing CMDI pro les in the CLARIN Component Registry and decided that the IMDI CMDI pro le (CMDI pro le based on the IMDI metadata schema) tted the needs of the project. In addition to the metadata categories in this pro le that had already been linked to the ISO data category registry ISOcat (cf. Kemps-Snijders et al., 2009, among others), the annotation terminology of a number of languages was inventoried and linked to ISOcat as well. The archiving so ware at TLA automatically assigned a Handle Persistent Identi er to every archived resource and metadata record. It also made all the metadata records available for harvesting via the OAI-PMH protocol. This guaranteed the proper integration of the resources into the CLARIN framework.

Description
Once the resources per language and the metadata were compiled and prepared for archiving, they were put on the server of TLA. Data was structured hierarchically in trees, where each language resource would be assigned one major node in an 'Insular SE Asia & New Guinea' comprehensive corpus. Metadata were entered, and data integrated and organised with the help of the Arbil standalone tool and the LAMUS online tool. The Access Management System (AMS) was used to assign one of four levels of access to any resource or group of resources according to place in the tree structure and/or le type: 1) open, 2) controlled open (where identi cation and agreement with a code of conduct is necessary), 3) restricted (where individual permission by the researcher or person in charge is required) or 4) closed (to anyone except original researchers/depositors). Except for one resource, the data that were archived in this project are all of level 1: open access.
Annotations in unsupported formats such as DOC were converted to PDF, and were thus treated identically to annotations that are handwritten in ( eld) notebooks.
We made mappings between the annotation terms used in the data sets and the general ISOcat concept registry for the more recent resources that were already in Toolbox format. In some of these resources, the Leipzig Glossing Rules had been applied, o en with an additional set of glossing conventions and labels that only apply to an individual language; the ISOcat data category registry provides a means to clarify the nature of the meaning of such particular glosses.

Deliverables and Milestones
A deliverable is a measurable and tangible outcome of a project. They are developed by project team members in alignment with the goals of the project. Milestones are checkpoints throughout the life of the project. They identify when activities have been completed, thus implying that a notable point has been reached in the project. The Appendix contains the list of deliverables and milestones we originally aimed for, in their original order, with the relevant actors. The results are indicated with colour shading, where green deliverables and milestones have been met completely, while red deliverables have not been met. The reasons for not curating some of the resources were of variable nature: some of the resources we originally planned to curate turned out to be untraceable and/or lost, other resources were deemed by the author not yet ready to be archived, or the author decided not to archive them with LAISEANG a er all. The list also includes some added deliverables: these resources were added to the archive in the course of the project, or shortly a er it.
The LAISEANG archive can be accessed directly at http://hdl.handle.net/1839/00-0000-0000-0018-CB72-4@view. It can also be accessed through The Language Archive (tla.mpi.nl) by clicking on the ' Access the Archive' quick link. In the le -hand panel of the archive there is an alphabetical list of corpora, which includes LAISEANG. As mentioned earlier, except for one, all the resources in the LAISEANG archive are open to everyone.

Lessons Learned
Most of the linguists that contributed their resources were extremely grateful for the opportunity to get their materials digitised and archived in this way, and mentioned that their materials would otherwise never have been curated or archived. Linguistic eld researchers typically wish to make their data available for everyone, rather than keep it to themselves. However, our experiences in this project suggest that it is unlikely that their data will be archived unless there is a budget to pay for the time it costs to curate and archive it. In addition, there must be a user-friendly infrastructure to help them actually do it, preferably online.
In some cases, we inherited quite large archives with an existing structure that was designed by the collector to archive data and metadata in a logical and transparent way (e.g. the resources on Ma'ya and Matbat, Figure 10.2). It would have been e cient to be able to automatically incorporate such existing structures into the metadata structure, for example by having an option to add resources to Arbil directly from such existing structures, using a kind of 'folder importing' script. At present, Arbil has no such option, so that the original structures unfortunately all got lost.
Another issue that we ran into was that Arbil has been developed as a local tool, originally designed for a single person to archive a single language resource. As a result, Arbil is not a tool to e ciently deal with (i) multiple language resources collected by a single person and archived by several others or (ii) single language resources collected by multiple persons and archived by yet others. Arbil does not o er an online collaborative workspace, which meant that in our project the data sets had to be treated in strict cycles and metadata had to be sent back and forth among the team members responsible for digitisation and metadata collection. It would have been more e cient to allow online collaboration on metadata in a 'Google Docs' manner, such that project members could work simultaneously on the same data sets, and such that authors could look at their own materials and add or correct information if they wished.
One result from this project that may be useful for the future is that we are now able to estimate the costs of curating and archiving a single language resource collected in the eld. The size of the resources for the LAISEANG archive varied enormously: from 30-minute audio recordings to 35-hour video recordings. Some resources were not yet digitised, and/or had no or little organised metadata, while others were completely digitised, with all the metadata organised in spreadsheets. As a result, the time it took to curate and archive an individual resource varied from 4 to 60 hours. With a budget of 73,000 euros and 1,800 work hours we were able to curate and archive 48 language resources. On average, a single language resource thus takes 37.5 hours and costs about 1,500 euros to curate and archive. A project which involves the collection of primary linguistic data should therefore budget at least this amount of time and money to prepare the data for archiving. Not included in these gures are the costs that an archive may ask for their services and long-term storage, as in our project this was o ered for free by The Language Archive.